Assistants API Overview (Python SDK)

Nov 10, 2023

The new Assistants API is a stateful evolution of our Chat Completions API meant to simplify the creation of assistant-like experiences, and enable developer access to powerful tools like Code Interpreter and Retrieval.

Assistants API Diagram

Chat Completions API vs Assistants API

The primitives of the Chat Completions API are Messages, on which you perform a Completion with a Model (gpt-3.5-turbo, gpt-4, etc). It is lightweight and powerful, but inherently stateless, which means you have to manage conversation state, tool definitions, retrieval documents, and code execution manually.

The primitives of the Assistants API are

Assistants, which encapsulate a base model, instructions, tools, and (context) documents,
Threads, which represent the state of a conversation, and
Runs, which power the execution of an Assistant on a Thread, including textual responses and multi-step tool use.

We'll take a look at how these can be used to create powerful, stateful experiences.

Setup

Python SDK

Note We've updated our Python SDK to add support for the Assistants API, so you'll need to update it to the latest version (1.2.3 at time of writing).

!pip install --upgrade openai

And make sure it's up to date by running:

!pip show openai | grep Version

Version: 1.2.3

Pretty Printing Helper

import json

def show_json(obj):
    display(json.loads(obj.model_dump_json()))

Complete Example with Assistants API

Assistants

The easiest way to get started with the Assistants API is through the Assistants Playground.

Assistants Playground

Let's begin by creating an assistant! We'll create a Math Tutor just like in our docs.

Creating New Assistant

You can view Assistants you've created in the Assistants Dashboard.

Assistants Dashboard

You can also create Assistants directly through the Assistants API, like so:

from openai import OpenAI
import os

client = OpenAI(api_key=os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY", "<your OpenAI API key if not set as env var>"))


assistant = client.beta.assistants.create(
    name="Math Tutor",
    instructions="You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.",
    model="gpt-4-1106-preview",
)
show_json(assistant)

{'id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'created_at': 1699828331,
 'description': None,
 'file_ids': [],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'name': 'Math Tutor',
 'object': 'assistant',
 'tools': []}

Regardless of whether you create your Assistant through the Dashboard or with the API, you'll want to keep track of the Assistant ID. This is how you'll refer to your Assistant throughout Threads and Runs.

Next, we'll create a new Thread and add a Message to it. This will hold the state of our conversation, so we don't have re-send the entire message history each time.

Threads

Create a new thread:

thread = client.beta.threads.create()
show_json(thread)

{'id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG',
 'created_at': 1699828331,
 'metadata': {},
 'object': 'thread'}

Then add the Message to the thread:

message = client.beta.threads.messages.create(
    thread_id=thread.id,
    role="user",
    content="I need to solve the equation `3x + 11 = 14`. Can you help me?",
)
show_json(message)

{'id': 'msg_IBiZDAWHhWPewxzN0EfTYNew',
 'assistant_id': None,
 'content': [{'text': {'annotations': [],
    'value': 'I need to solve the equation `3x + 11 = 14`. Can you help me?'},
   'type': 'text'}],
 'created_at': 1699828332,
 'file_ids': [],
 'metadata': {},
 'object': 'thread.message',
 'role': 'user',
 'run_id': None,
 'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG'}

Note Even though you're no longer sending the entire history each time, you will still be charged for the tokens of the entire conversation history with each Run.

Runs

Notice how the Thread we created is not associated with the Assistant we created earlier! Threads exist independently from Assistants, which may be different from what you'd expect if you've used ChatGPT (where a thread is tied to a model/GPT).

To get a completion from an Assistant for a given Thread, we must create a Run. Creating a Run will indicate to an Assistant it should look at the messages in the Thread and take action: either by adding a single response, or using tools.

Note Runs are a key difference between the Assistants API and Chat Completions API. While in Chat Completions the model will only ever respond with a single message, in the Assistants API a Run may result in an Assistant using one or multiple tools, and potentially adding multiple messages to the Thread.

To get our Assistant to respond to the user, let's create the Run. As mentioned earlier, you must specify both the Assistant and the Thread.

run = client.beta.threads.runs.create(
    thread_id=thread.id,
    assistant_id=assistant.id,
)
show_json(run)

{'id': 'run_LA08RjouV3RemQ78UZXuyzv6',
 'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'cancelled_at': None,
 'completed_at': None,
 'created_at': 1699828332,
 'expires_at': 1699828932,
 'failed_at': None,
 'file_ids': [],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'last_error': None,
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'object': 'thread.run',
 'required_action': None,
 'started_at': None,
 'status': 'queued',
 'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG',
 'tools': []}

Unlike creating a completion in the Chat Completions API, creating a Run is an asynchronous operation. It will return immediately with the Run's metadata, which includes a status that will initially be set to queued. The status will be updated as the Assistant performs operations (like using tools and adding messages).

To know when the Assistant has completed processing, we can poll the Run in a loop. (Support for streaming is coming soon!) While here we are only checking for a queued or in_progress status, in practice a Run may undergo a variety of status changes which you can choose to surface to the user. (These are called Steps, and will be covered later.)

import time

def wait_on_run(run, thread):
    while run.status == "queued" or run.status == "in_progress":
        run = client.beta.threads.runs.retrieve(
            thread_id=thread.id,
            run_id=run.id,
        )
        time.sleep(0.5)
    return run

run = wait_on_run(run, thread)
show_json(run)

{'id': 'run_LA08RjouV3RemQ78UZXuyzv6',
 'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'cancelled_at': None,
 'completed_at': 1699828333,
 'created_at': 1699828332,
 'expires_at': None,
 'failed_at': None,
 'file_ids': [],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'last_error': None,
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'object': 'thread.run',
 'required_action': None,
 'started_at': 1699828332,
 'status': 'completed',
 'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG',
 'tools': []}

Messages

Now that the Run has completed, we can list the Messages in the Thread to see what got added by the Assistant.

messages = client.beta.threads.messages.list(thread_id=thread.id)
show_json(messages)

{'data': [{'id': 'msg_S0ZtKIWjyWtbIW9JNUocPdUS',
   'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
   'content': [{'text': {'annotations': [],
      'value': 'Yes. Subtract 11 from both sides to get `3x = 3`, then divide by 3 to find `x = 1`.'},
     'type': 'text'}],
   'created_at': 1699828333,
   'file_ids': [],
   'metadata': {},
   'object': 'thread.message',
   'role': 'assistant',
   'run_id': 'run_LA08RjouV3RemQ78UZXuyzv6',
   'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG'},
  {'id': 'msg_IBiZDAWHhWPewxzN0EfTYNew',
   'assistant_id': None,
   'content': [{'text': {'annotations': [],
      'value': 'I need to solve the equation `3x + 11 = 14`. Can you help me?'},
     'type': 'text'}],
   'created_at': 1699828332,
   'file_ids': [],
   'metadata': {},
   'object': 'thread.message',
   'role': 'user',
   'run_id': None,
   'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG'}],
 'object': 'list',
 'first_id': 'msg_S0ZtKIWjyWtbIW9JNUocPdUS',
 'last_id': 'msg_IBiZDAWHhWPewxzN0EfTYNew',
 'has_more': False}

As you can see, Messages are ordered in reverse-chronological order – this was done so the most recent results are always on the first page (since results can be paginated). Do keep a look out for this, since this is the opposite order to messages in the Chat Completions API.

Let's ask our Assistant to explain the result a bit further!

# Create a message to append to our thread
message = client.beta.threads.messages.create(
    thread_id=thread.id, role="user", content="Could you explain this to me?"
)

# Execute our run
run = client.beta.threads.runs.create(
    thread_id=thread.id,
    assistant_id=assistant.id,
)

# Wait for completion
wait_on_run(run, thread)

# Retrieve all the messages added after our last user message
messages = client.beta.threads.messages.list(
    thread_id=thread.id, order="asc", after=message.id
)
show_json(messages)

{'data': [{'id': 'msg_9MAeOrGriHcImeQnAzvYyJbs',
   'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
   'content': [{'text': {'annotations': [],
      'value': 'Certainly. To solve for x in the equation `3x + 11 = 14`:\n\n1. Subtract 11 from both sides: `3x + 11 - 11 = 14 - 11` simplifies to `3x = 3`.\n2. Divide both sides by 3: `3x / 3 = 3 / 3` simplifies to `x = 1`.\n\nSo, the solution is `x = 1`.'},
     'type': 'text'}],
   'created_at': 1699828335,
   'file_ids': [],
   'metadata': {},
   'object': 'thread.message',
   'role': 'assistant',
   'run_id': 'run_IFHfsubkJv7RSUbDZpNVs4PG',
   'thread_id': 'thread_bw42vPoQtYBMQE84WubNcJXG'}],
 'object': 'list',
 'first_id': 'msg_9MAeOrGriHcImeQnAzvYyJbs',
 'last_id': 'msg_9MAeOrGriHcImeQnAzvYyJbs',
 'has_more': False}

This may feel like a lot of steps to get a response back, especially for this simple example. However, you'll soon see how we can add very powerful functionality to our Assistant without changing much code at all!

Example

Let's take a look at how we could potentially put all of this together. Below is all the code you need to use an Assistant you've created.

Since we've already created our Math Assistant, I've saved its ID in MATH_ASSISTANT_ID. I then defined two functions:

submit_message: create a Message on a Thread, then start (and return) a new Run
get_response: returns the list of Messages in a Thread

from openai import OpenAI

MATH_ASSISTANT_ID = assistant.id  # or a hard-coded ID like "asst-..."

client = OpenAI(api_key=os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY", "<your OpenAI API key if not set as env var>"))

def submit_message(assistant_id, thread, user_message):
    client.beta.threads.messages.create(
        thread_id=thread.id, role="user", content=user_message
    )
    return client.beta.threads.runs.create(
        thread_id=thread.id,
        assistant_id=assistant_id,
    )


def get_response(thread):
    return client.beta.threads.messages.list(thread_id=thread.id, order="asc")

I've also defined a create_thread_and_run function that I can re-use (which is actually almost identical to the client.beta.threads.create_and_run compound function in our API ;) ). Finally, we can submit our mock user requests each to a new Thread.

Notice how all of these API calls are asynchronous operations; this means we actually get async behavior in our code without the use of async libraries! (e.g. asyncio)

def create_thread_and_run(user_input):
    thread = client.beta.threads.create()
    run = submit_message(MATH_ASSISTANT_ID, thread, user_input)
    return thread, run


# Emulating concurrent user requests
thread1, run1 = create_thread_and_run(
    "I need to solve the equation `3x + 11 = 14`. Can you help me?"
)
thread2, run2 = create_thread_and_run("Could you explain linear algebra to me?")
thread3, run3 = create_thread_and_run("I don't like math. What can I do?")

# Now all Runs are executing...

Once all Runs are going, we can wait on each and get the responses.

import time

# Pretty printing helper
def pretty_print(messages):
    print("# Messages")
    for m in messages:
        print(f"{m.role}: {m.content[0].text.value}")
    print()


# Waiting in a loop
def wait_on_run(run, thread):
    while run.status == "queued" or run.status == "in_progress":
        run = client.beta.threads.runs.retrieve(
            thread_id=thread.id,
            run_id=run.id,
        )
        time.sleep(0.5)
    return run


# Wait for Run 1
run1 = wait_on_run(run1, thread1)
pretty_print(get_response(thread1))

# Wait for Run 2
run2 = wait_on_run(run2, thread2)
pretty_print(get_response(thread2))

# Wait for Run 3
run3 = wait_on_run(run3, thread3)
pretty_print(get_response(thread3))

# Thank our assistant on Thread 3 :)
run4 = submit_message(MATH_ASSISTANT_ID, thread3, "Thank you!")
run4 = wait_on_run(run4, thread3)
pretty_print(get_response(thread3))

# Messages
user: I need to solve the equation `3x + 11 = 14`. Can you help me?
assistant: Yes, subtract 11 from both sides to get `3x = 3`, then divide both sides by 3 to find `x = 1`.

# Messages
user: Could you explain linear algebra to me?
assistant: Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with vector spaces, linear equations, and matrices, focusing on the properties and operations that can be applied to vectors and linear transformations.

# Messages
user: I don't like math. What can I do?
assistant: Try finding aspects of math that relate to your interests or daily life, and consider a tutor or interactive resources to make learning more enjoyable.

# Messages
user: I don't like math. What can I do?
assistant: Try finding aspects of math that relate to your interests or daily life, and consider a tutor or interactive resources to make learning more enjoyable.
user: Thank you!
assistant: You're welcome! If you have any more questions, feel free to ask.

Et voilà!

You may have noticed that this code is not actually specific to our math Assistant at all... this code will work for any new Assistant you create simply by changing the Assistant ID! That is the power of the Assistants API.

Tools

A key feature of the Assistants API is the ability to equip our Assistants with Tools, like Code Interpreter, Retrieval, and custom Functions. Let's take a look at each.

Code Interpreter

Let's equip our Math Tutor with the Code Interpreter tool, which we can do from the Dashboard...

Enabling code interpreter

...or the API, using the Assistant ID.

assistant = client.beta.assistants.update(
    MATH_ASSISTANT_ID,
    tools=[{"type": "code_interpreter"}],
)
show_json(assistant)

{'id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'created_at': 1699828331,
 'description': None,
 'file_ids': [],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'name': 'Math Tutor',
 'object': 'assistant',
 'tools': [{'type': 'code_interpreter'}]}

Now, let's ask the Assistant to use its new tool.

thread, run = create_thread_and_run(
    "Generate the first 20 fibbonaci numbers with code."
)
run = wait_on_run(run, thread)
pretty_print(get_response(thread))

# Messages
user: Generate the first 20 fibbonaci numbers with code.
assistant: The first 20 Fibonacci numbers are: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, and 4181.

And that's it! The Assistant used Code Interpreter in the background, and gave us a final response.

For some use cases this may be enough – however, if we want more details on what precisely an Assistant is doing we can take a look at a Run's Steps.

Steps

A Run is composed of one or more Steps. Like a Run, each Step has a status that you can query. This is useful for surfacing the progress of a Step to a user (e.g. a spinner while the Assistant is writing code or performing retrieval).

run_steps = client.beta.threads.runs.steps.list(
    thread_id=thread.id, run_id=run.id, order="asc"
)

Let's take a look at each Step's step_details.

for step in run_steps.data:
    step_details = step.step_details
    print(json.dumps(show_json(step_details), indent=4))

{'tool_calls': [{'id': 'call_WMNqd63PtX8vZzTwaA6eWpBg',
   'code_interpreter': {'input': '# Python function to generate the first 20 Fibonacci numbers\ndef fibonacci(n):\n    fib_sequence = [0, 1]\n    while len(fib_sequence) < n:\n        fib_sequence.append(fib_sequence[-1] + fib_sequence[-2])\n    return fib_sequence\n\n# Generate the first 20 Fibonacci numbers\nfirst_20_fibonacci = fibonacci(20)\nfirst_20_fibonacci',
    'outputs': [{'logs': '[0,\n 1,\n 1,\n 2,\n 3,\n 5,\n 8,\n 13,\n 21,\n 34,\n 55,\n 89,\n 144,\n 233,\n 377,\n 610,\n 987,\n 1597,\n 2584,\n 4181]',
      'type': 'logs'}]},
   'type': 'code_interpreter'}],
 'type': 'tool_calls'}

null

{'message_creation': {'message_id': 'msg_z593lE5bvcD6BngeDFHDxzwm'},
 'type': 'message_creation'}

null

We can see the step_details for two Steps:

tool_calls (plural, since it could be more than one in a single Step)
message_creation

The first Step is a tool_calls, specifically using the code_interpreter which contains:

input, which was the Python code generated before the tool was called, and
output, which was the result of running the Code Interpreter.

The second Step is a message_creation, which contains the message that was added to the Thread to communicate the results to the user.

Retrieval

Another powerful tool in the Assistants API is Retrieval: the ability to upload files that the Assistant will use as a knowledge base when answering questions. This can also be enabled from the Dashboard or the API, where we can upload files we want to be used.

Enabling retrieval

# Upload the file
file = client.files.create(
    file=open(
        "data/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf",
        "rb",
    ),
    purpose="assistants",
)
# Update Assistant
assistant = client.beta.assistants.update(
    MATH_ASSISTANT_ID,
    tools=[{"type": "code_interpreter"}, {"type": "retrieval"}],
    file_ids=[file.id],
)
show_json(assistant)

{'id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'created_at': 1699828331,
 'description': None,
 'file_ids': ['file-MdXcQI8OdPp76wukWI4dpLwW'],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'name': 'Math Tutor',
 'object': 'assistant',
 'tools': [{'type': 'code_interpreter'}, {'type': 'retrieval'}]}

thread, run = create_thread_and_run(
    "What are some cool math concepts behind this ML paper pdf? Explain in two sentences."
)
run = wait_on_run(run, thread)
pretty_print(get_response(thread))

# Messages
user: What are some cool math concepts behind this ML paper pdf? Explain in two sentences.
assistant: I am unable to find specific sections referring to "cool math concepts" directly in the paper using the available tools. I will now read the beginning of the paper to identify any mathematical concepts that are fundamental to the paper.
assistant: The paper discusses leveraging large language models as a framework for unsupervised multitask learning, where tasks are implicitly defined by the context within sequences of text. It explores the zero-shot learning capabilities of such models by showing that when a language model is trained on a vast dataset, it begins to generalize and perform tasks without explicit supervision, achieving competitive results across various natural language processing tasks using a probabilistic framework based on sequential modeling and conditional probabilities.

Note There are more intricacies in Retrieval, like Annotations, which may be covered in another cookbook.

Functions

As a final powerful tool for your Assistant, you can specify custom Functions (much like the Function Calling in the Chat Completions API). During a Run, the Assistant can then indicate it wants to call one or more functions you specified. You are then responsible for calling the Function, and providing the output back to the Assistant.

Let's take a look at an example by defining a display_quiz() Function for our Math Tutor.

This function will take a title and an array of questions, display the quiz, and get input from the user for each:

title
questions
- question_text
- question_type: [MULTIPLE_CHOICE, FREE_RESPONSE]
- choices: ["choice 1", "choice 2", ...]

Unfortunately I don't know how to get user input within a Python Notebook, so I'll be mocking out responses with get_mock_response.... This is where you'd get the user's actual input.

def get_mock_response_from_user_multiple_choice():
    return "a"


def get_mock_response_from_user_free_response():
    return "I don't know."


def display_quiz(title, questions):
    print("Quiz:", title)
    print()
    responses = []

    for q in questions:
        print(q["question_text"])
        response = ""

        # If multiple choice, print options
        if q["question_type"] == "MULTIPLE_CHOICE":
            for i, choice in enumerate(q["choices"]):
                print(f"{i}. {choice}")
            response = get_mock_response_from_user_multiple_choice()

        # Otherwise, just get response
        elif q["question_type"] == "FREE_RESPONSE":
            response = get_mock_response_from_user_free_response()

        responses.append(response)
        print()

    return responses

Here's what a sample quiz would look like:

responses = display_quiz(
    "Sample Quiz",
    [
        {"question_text": "What is your name?", "question_type": "FREE_RESPONSE"},
        {
            "question_text": "What is your favorite color?",
            "question_type": "MULTIPLE_CHOICE",
            "choices": ["Red", "Blue", "Green", "Yellow"],
        },
    ],
)
print("Responses:", responses)

Quiz: Sample Quiz

What is your name?

What is your favorite color?
0. Red
1. Blue
2. Green
3. Yellow

Responses: ["I don't know.", 'a']

Now, let's define the interface of this function in JSON format, so our Assistant can call it:

function_json = {
    "name": "display_quiz",
    "description": "Displays a quiz to the student, and returns the student's response. A single quiz can have multiple questions.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "title": {"type": "string"},
            "questions": {
                "type": "array",
                "description": "An array of questions, each with a title and potentially options (if multiple choice).",
                "items": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "question_text": {"type": "string"},
                        "question_type": {
                            "type": "string",
                            "enum": ["MULTIPLE_CHOICE", "FREE_RESPONSE"],
                        },
                        "choices": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
                    },
                    "required": ["question_text"],
                },
            },
        },
        "required": ["title", "questions"],
    },
}

Once again, let's update our Assistant either through the Dashboard or the API.

Enabling custom function

Note Pasting the function JSON into the Dashboard was a bit finicky due to indentation, etc. I just asked ChatGPT to format my function the same as one of the examples on the Dashboard :).

assistant = client.beta.assistants.update(
    MATH_ASSISTANT_ID,
    tools=[
        {"type": "code_interpreter"},
        {"type": "retrieval"},
        {"type": "function", "function": function_json},
    ],
)
show_json(assistant)

{'id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'created_at': 1699828331,
 'description': None,
 'file_ids': ['file-MdXcQI8OdPp76wukWI4dpLwW'],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'name': 'Math Tutor',
 'object': 'assistant',
 'tools': [{'type': 'code_interpreter'},
  {'type': 'retrieval'},
  {'function': {'name': 'display_quiz',
    'parameters': {'type': 'object',
     'properties': {'title': {'type': 'string'},
      'questions': {'type': 'array',
       'description': 'An array of questions, each with a title and potentially options (if multiple choice).',
       'items': {'type': 'object',
        'properties': {'question_text': {'type': 'string'},
         'question_type': {'type': 'string',
          'enum': ['MULTIPLE_CHOICE', 'FREE_RESPONSE']},
         'choices': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}},
        'required': ['question_text']}}},
     'required': ['title', 'questions']},
    'description': "Displays a quiz to the student, and returns the student's response. A single quiz can have multiple questions."},
   'type': 'function'}]}

And now, we ask for a quiz.

thread, run = create_thread_and_run(
    "Make a quiz with 2 questions: One open ended, one multiple choice. Then, give me feedback for the responses."
)
run = wait_on_run(run, thread)
run.status

'requires_action'

Now, however, when we check the Run's status we see requires_action! Let's take a closer.

show_json(run)

{'id': 'run_98PGE3qGtHoaWaCLoytyRUBf',
 'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'cancelled_at': None,
 'completed_at': None,
 'created_at': 1699828370,
 'expires_at': 1699828970,
 'failed_at': None,
 'file_ids': ['file-MdXcQI8OdPp76wukWI4dpLwW'],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'last_error': None,
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'object': 'thread.run',
 'required_action': {'submit_tool_outputs': {'tool_calls': [{'id': 'call_Zf650sWT1wW4Uwbf5YeDS0VG',
     'function': {'arguments': '{\n  "title": "Mathematics Quiz",\n  "questions": [\n    {\n      "question_text": "Explain why the square root of a negative number is not a real number.",\n      "question_type": "FREE_RESPONSE"\n    },\n    {\n      "question_text": "What is the value of an angle in a regular pentagon?",\n      "choices": [\n        "72 degrees",\n        "90 degrees",\n        "108 degrees",\n        "120 degrees"\n      ],\n      "question_type": "MULTIPLE_CHOICE"\n    }\n  ]\n}',
      'name': 'display_quiz'},
     'type': 'function'}]},
  'type': 'submit_tool_outputs'},
 'started_at': 1699828370,
 'status': 'requires_action',
 'thread_id': 'thread_bICTESFvWoRdj0O0SzsosLCS',
 'tools': [{'type': 'code_interpreter'},
  {'type': 'retrieval'},
  {'function': {'name': 'display_quiz',
    'parameters': {'type': 'object',
     'properties': {'title': {'type': 'string'},
      'questions': {'type': 'array',
       'description': 'An array of questions, each with a title and potentially options (if multiple choice).',
       'items': {'type': 'object',
        'properties': {'question_text': {'type': 'string'},
         'question_type': {'type': 'string',
          'enum': ['MULTIPLE_CHOICE', 'FREE_RESPONSE']},
         'choices': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}},
        'required': ['question_text']}}},
     'required': ['title', 'questions']},
    'description': "Displays a quiz to the student, and returns the student's response. A single quiz can have multiple questions."},
   'type': 'function'}]}

The required_action field indicates a Tool is waiting for us to run it and submit its output back to the Assistant. Specifically, the display_quiz function! Let's start by parsing the name and arguments.

Note While in this case we know there is only one Tool call, in practice the Assistant may choose to call multiple tools.

# Extract single tool call
tool_call = run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls[0]
name = tool_call.function.name
arguments = json.loads(tool_call.function.arguments)

print("Function Name:", name)
print("Function Arguments:")
arguments

Function Name: display_quiz
Function Arguments:

{'title': 'Mathematics Quiz',
 'questions': [{'question_text': 'Explain why the square root of a negative number is not a real number.',
   'question_type': 'FREE_RESPONSE'},
  {'question_text': 'What is the value of an angle in a regular pentagon?',
   'choices': ['72 degrees', '90 degrees', '108 degrees', '120 degrees'],
   'question_type': 'MULTIPLE_CHOICE'}]}

Now let's actually call our display_quiz function with the arguments provided by the Assistant:

responses = display_quiz(arguments["title"], arguments["questions"])
print("Responses:", responses)

Quiz: Mathematics Quiz

Explain why the square root of a negative number is not a real number.

What is the value of an angle in a regular pentagon?
0. 72 degrees
1. 90 degrees
2. 108 degrees
3. 120 degrees

Responses: ["I don't know.", 'a']

Great! (Remember these responses are the one's we mocked earlier. In reality, we'd be getting input from the back from this function call.)

Now that we have our responses, let's submit them back to the Assistant. We'll need the tool_call ID, found in the tool_call we parsed out earlier. We'll also need to encode our listof responses into a str.

run = client.beta.threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs(
    thread_id=thread.id,
    run_id=run.id,
    tool_outputs=[
        {
            "tool_call_id": tool_call.id,
            "output": json.dumps(responses),
        }
    ],
)
show_json(run)

{'id': 'run_98PGE3qGtHoaWaCLoytyRUBf',
 'assistant_id': 'asst_9HAjl9y41ufsViNcThW1EXUS',
 'cancelled_at': None,
 'completed_at': None,
 'created_at': 1699828370,
 'expires_at': 1699828970,
 'failed_at': None,
 'file_ids': ['file-MdXcQI8OdPp76wukWI4dpLwW'],
 'instructions': 'You are a personal math tutor. Answer questions briefly, in a sentence or less.',
 'last_error': None,
 'metadata': {},
 'model': 'gpt-4-1106-preview',
 'object': 'thread.run',
 'required_action': None,
 'started_at': 1699828370,
 'status': 'queued',
 'thread_id': 'thread_bICTESFvWoRdj0O0SzsosLCS',
 'tools': [{'type': 'code_interpreter'},
  {'type': 'retrieval'},
  {'function': {'name': 'display_quiz',
    'parameters': {'type': 'object',
     'properties': {'title': {'type': 'string'},
      'questions': {'type': 'array',
       'description': 'An array of questions, each with a title and potentially options (if multiple choice).',
       'items': {'type': 'object',
        'properties': {'question_text': {'type': 'string'},
         'question_type': {'type': 'string',
          'enum': ['MULTIPLE_CHOICE', 'FREE_RESPONSE']},
         'choices': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}},
        'required': ['question_text']}}},
     'required': ['title', 'questions']},
    'description': "Displays a quiz to the student, and returns the student's response. A single quiz can have multiple questions."},
   'type': 'function'}]}

We can now wait for the Run to complete once again, and check our Thread!

run = wait_on_run(run, thread)
pretty_print(get_response(thread))

# Messages
user: Make a quiz with 2 questions: One open ended, one multiple choice. Then, give me feedback for the responses.
assistant: Thank you for attempting the quiz.

For the first question, it's important to know that the square root of a negative number is not a real number because real numbers consist of all the numbers on the number line, and that includes all positive numbers, zero, and negative numbers. However, the square root of a negative number is not on this number line; instead, it is what we call an imaginary number. When we want to take the square root of a negative number, we typically use the imaginary unit \(i\), where \(i\) is defined as \(\sqrt{-1}\).

For the second question, the correct answer is "108 degrees." In a regular pentagon, which is a five-sided polygon with equal sides and angles, each interior angle is \(108\) degrees. This is because the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is \(540\) degrees, and when divided by \(5\) (the number of angles), it gives \(108\) degrees per angle. The choice you selected, "72 degrees," actually refers to the external angle of a regular pentagon, not the internal angle.

Woohoo 🎉

Conclusion

We covered a lot of ground in this notebook, give yourself a high-five! Hopefully you should now have a strong foundation to build powerful, stateful experiences with tools like Code Interpreter, Retrieval, and Functions!

There's a few sections we didn't cover for the sake of brevity, so here's a few resources to explore further:

Annotations: parsing file citations
Files: Thread scoped vs Assistant scoped
Parallel Function Calls: calling multiple tools in a single Step
Multi-Assistant Thread Runs: single Thread with Messages from multiple Assistants
Streaming: coming soon!

Now go off and build something amazing!